Graphene oxide (GO) is a derivative of graphene, a two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterial.
Research indicates that graphene oxide has the potential to cause toxicity in different cell types such as lung cells, brain cells, and blood cells. Specifically, when graphene oxide particles enter the bloodstream, they can interact with blood cells, resulting in cell membrane damage and the release of hemoglobin and other intracellular components. These effects may lead to an inflammatory reaction in the body, contributing to a range of health issues.
Studies suggest that exposure to high levels of graphene oxide may cause the following symptoms:
Respiratory problems: Graphene oxide nanoparticles can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause inflammation and damage to lung tissue, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing.
Skin irritation: Contact with graphene oxide nanoparticles may cause skin irritation, itching, and redness.
Eye irritation: Exposure to graphene oxide nanoparticles can cause eye irritation, redness, and watering.
Digestive problems: Ingestion of graphene oxide nanoparticles may cause gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
Neurological effects: Graphene oxide nanoparticles may have negative effects on the nervous system, including memory impairment, anxiety, and depression.
Symptoms of graphene oxide toxicity will vary depending on the dose and duration of exposure, as well as individual factors such as age, health status, and other environmental factors.
As the official information says,
"...if you suspect you have been exposed to graphene oxide, seek medical attention immediately..."
Li, Y., Liu, J., Xiao, Y., Qu, Y., Xie, M., & Sun, Z. (2021). Graphene oxide-induced acute lung injury via ROS/autophagy pathway in mice. Journal of hazardous materials, 411, 124978.
Song, W., Wang, C., Jiang, H., & Sun, B. (2020). In vitro and in vivo toxicity of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. NanoImpact, 20, 100259.
Zhao, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, D., & Wu, T. (2021). Toxicity and bio-safety evaluation of graphene oxide in vitro and in vivo. Environmental pollution, 286, 117307.
Zhang, J., Sun, L., Zhang, Y., Song, L., Tan, X., & Wu, J. (2019). Acute toxic effects of graphene oxide nanoparticle exposure in male mice. Journal of hazardous materials, 373, 102-110.
Comments